Mainland Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia, comprising the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia. It lies strategically between the Indian subcontinent and East Asia, bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. This region is known for its diverse geography, rich cultural heritage, and deep historical connections with both Indian and Chinese civilizations.

Historically, the term “Indochina” was coined in the early 19th century to highlight the region’s blend of Indian and Chinese influences. These two great civilizations shaped the languages, religions, art, and political systems of the region over centuries. Hinduism and Buddhism from India spread widely, while Chinese administrative models and Confucian thought also left lasting impressions, especially in Vietnam. The colonial era brought further changes, notably through the establishment of French Indochina, which included modern-day Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Mainland Southeast Asia is marked by ethnic and linguistic diversity. The region is home to several major language families, including Tai-Kadai, Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic), Sino-Tibetan, and Hmong-Mien. The economies of these countries vary, with agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism playing key roles.

Today, the region remains a vital part of Asia’s geopolitical landscape, balancing traditional lifestyles with modern development. Its rivers—especially the Mekong—are lifelines for millions, and its cultural traditions continue to thrive in the face of globalization. Mainland Southeast Asia’s blend of ancient heritage, colonial history, and emerging modern identity makes it a fascinating and dynamic part of the world.