The Jola, also known as the Diola or Ajamat, are an ethnic group primarily found in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. With an estimated population of around 900,000, they are most concentrated in the Lower Casamance region of Senegal, where they have historically cultivated a distinctive agrarian lifestyle. The Jola are best known for their expertise in wet rice farming, a practice that has been central to their economy for over a thousand years. This method of cultivation is considered one of the most significant examples of agrarian civilizations in West Africa. The Jola language, known as Fogni, is one of the six national languages of Senegal, though many Jola…

The Kung people, also known as the ǃXun or Ju, are an indigenous group of the San peoples, residing primarily on the western edge of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. Their traditional territories span across northern Namibia, southern Angola, and Botswana. The ǃKung have a long history of hunting and gathering as their primary means of subsistence, a practice that persisted until the 1970s. However, in recent decades, many ǃKung people have shifted to living in villages alongside Bantu pastoralists and European settlers. The Kung people are known for their rich cultural traditions, especially their spiritual beliefs and practices. They worship a Supreme Being, Xu, who is regarded as…